# How to install Linux and other operating systems (OS) # Glossary OS = operating system. VM = virtual machine. # Linux ## Fedora KDE Spin >= 38 Screen recording https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Doj8VpTLShs * As usual: download the ISO file, using Virtual Machine Manager create a VM named fedora, 10240 GB RAM, 300 GB SSD, use virt, use maximum possible vcpus minus two (the hardware computer has a CPU with 16 threads, so the VM uses 14 vcpus). Start the VM. * In the Fedora installer select custom partitioning, use EXT4 instead of btrfs, do not use a separate /home partition. Create a user named administrator. * Log into KDE Plasma 5 > System Settings > Energy Saving > uncheck "Suspend session Automatically Sleep after 15 min". In KDE Plasma 6 > System Settings > Security & Privacy > Screen Locking > uncheck the checkbox "Lock screeen automatically After". * Survival at the command line. sudo is available, SSH server is already installed but needs to be enabled. `systemctl enable --now sshd`. From now on, I do not need the "Graphical Console" of Virtual Machine Manager. KDE Plasma > Log Out. Connect to the VM using ssh `ssh administrator@192.168.122.106`. Advantages: copy/paste of text works, we can resize the terminal that runs SSH as we want, we can continue to use the web browser of the hardware/host computer. `sudo dnf install git emacs-nox mc`. * Survival in the Graphical User Interface (GUI). Install xrdp server https://nmariusp.github.io/rdp.html . Connect to the VM using RDP `xfreerdp /u:administrator /w:1920 /h:1080 /v:192.168.122.168 /video /rfx /network:lan /gfx /dynamic-resolution /sound:sys:pulse` 
sudo dnf remove kwrite ; sudo dnf install kate git-gui gitk krusader
## Kubuntu >= 24.04 In the installer, you can select a minimal installation. This will not install any web browser. Install Mozilla Firefox Beta from the official Mozilla DEB repository https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/kb/install-firefox-linux#w_install-firefox-deb-package-for-debian-based-distributions ## KDE neon ## EndeavourOS with KDE Plasma installed from the OS installer, Arch Linux installed using archinstall with the option "desktop, kde" from the OS installer * Survival at the command line. Log Into KDE Plasma. sudo is available, SSH server is already installed but needs to be enabled. `systemctl enable --now sshd`. From now on, I do not need the "Graphical Console" of Virtual Machine Manager. KDE Plasma > Log Out. Connect to the VM using ssh `ssh administrator@192.168.122.106`. Advantages: copy/paste of text works, we can resize the terminal that runs SSH as we want, we can continue to use the web browser of the hardware/host computer. * Survival in the Graphical User Interface (GUI). Install xrdp server https://nmariusp.github.io/rdp.html . ## openSUSE Tumbleweed Screen recording https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tlMefsBArO4 In the installer: I have selected "Desktop with KDE Plasma". I have disabled the firewall and enabled the ssh server. I have created a user named administrator and selected the checkbox that makes the user administrator a sudoer. I do not connect at all to the VM using the virtualization software's graphical console. I only connect to the VM using an ssh client or using an RDP client. 
ssh administrator@192.68.122.6
sudo su
zypper update
# Surviving at the command line:
zypper install emacs-nox mc git
# Install the RDP server xrdp.
sudo zypper install xrdp xorgxrdp
sudo systemctl enable --now xrdp
From another terminal, I connect via an RDP client. Inside the window of the RDP client, KDE Plasma starts, open konsole. 
* In the openSUSE welcome screen uncheck "Show on next startup", press the Close button.
* In the lower left side, in the virtual desktop switcher, right click on all virtual desktops except the first > "Remove Virtual Desktop". The virtual desktop switcher disappears from the KDE Plasma desktop panel.

#Surviving in GUI:
sudo su
zypper install git-gui gitk krusader

* In the start menu, right click on some applications > Uninstall or Manage Add-Ons... and uninstall them. E.g. KMail, Kontact, KOrganizer, KTnef, maybe libre office etc.
## Alpine Linux Screen recording https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d9WXHMfBDT0 I installed Alpine Linux 3.18 using alpine-standard-3.18.2-x86_64.iso. As per https://docs.alpinelinux.org/user-handbook/0.1a/index.html , using full setup-alpine, use default mirror, add "community" repository. In the installer, I created a user named "administrator" and the user can use "doas". I connect to the VM in text user interface mode using ssh: 
ssh administrator@192.68.122.6

doas su

# Surviving at the command line: bash, emacs-nox, mc, git.
apk update
apk upgrade
apk add emacs-nox mc git bash
#chsh -s /bin/bash

# Surviving in GUI:
setup-xorg-base
# I do not install alpine-desktop, I install KDE Plasma desktop as per https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/KDE

apk add plasma elogind polkit-elogind
rc-update add dbus
rc-update add elogind
rc-update add polkit
setup-devd udev
rc-update add sddm
rc-service sddm start

reboot
# BSD ## FreeBSD >= 14.0 Screen recording https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8MqBnb3Y9JU I installed FreeBSD 13.2 using FreeBSD-13.2-RELEASE-amd64-disc1.iso. In the installer, I created a user named "administrator" and added this user to the user group "wheel". I connect to the VM in text user interface mode using ssh: 
ssh administrator@192.68.122.6

su -

# Surviving at the command line:
pkg # Install the pkg command line app.
pkg install bash emacs-nox mc git
chsh -s /usr/local/bin/bash

# Surviving in GUI:

pkg install xorg
pw groupmod video -m administrator
pkg install noto-2.0 sudo
EDITOR=emacs visudo
# uncomment line:
%wheel ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL
# We are inside emacs. Save the modified file: Ctrl+X S, Ctrl+X C.

# In file /etc/fstab append line:
emacs /etc/fstab
proc /proc procfs rw 0 0
# We are inside emacs. Save the modified file: Ctrl+X S, Ctrl+X C.

mount -a

pkg install kde5
sysrc dbus_enable="YES"
sysctl net.local.stream.recvspace=65536
sysctl net.local.stream.sendspace=65536

# I followed the instructions from https://download.freebsd.org/doc/en/books/handbook/handbook_en.pdf up to and including the chapter "7.2.1.4. Start KDE Plasma".

# As user administrator:
chsh -s /usr/local/bin/bash
emacs ~/.profile
# Uncomment the line:
PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:$HOME/bin; export PATH
# Save and exit the text editor.
# Restart the computer.
## OpenBSD For OpenBSD >= 7.6. Install e.g. https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.6/amd64/install76.iso . Read https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.6/amd64/INSTALL.amd64 . Create user named administrator. Connect via SSH. 
# Enable doas
su -
cp /etc/examples/doas.conf /etc/doas.conf
exit
# If you have sotware that needs sudo. Run the two lines below:
#mkdir -p ~/.local/bin ; ln -s /usr/bin/doas ~/.local/bin/sudo
#echo "export PATH=~/.local/bin:\$PATH" >> ~/.bashrc

# Surviving at the command line:
doas su
# An editor like emacs named mg is preinstalled.
pkg_add -v bash git mc emacs--no_x11
# ksh is the default sh.
chsh -s /usr/local/bin/bash
exit
# As user administrator
chsh -s /usr/local/bin/bash

# Surviving in GUI:

# https://rsadowski.de/posts/2024-05-20-kde6-on-openbsd
doas su
pkg_add kde-plasma
# As per https://openports.pl/path/meta/kde,-plasma
doas pkg_add tigervnc
vncpasswd
# Asks for a VNC password that is at least 6 characters long.
# Do not provide a view only password.
vncserver -fg
# Will create the file ~/.vnc/xstartup
# On the VNC client computer run: vncviewer 192.168.122.180:1
# This will start the OpenBSD X11 session with fvwm.
# To stop the VNC X11 session, press Ctrl+C in the
# terminal where "vncserver -fg" is running.

mv ~/.vnc/xstartup ~/.vnc/xstartup~orig

mg ~/.vnc/xstartup
# Paste:
export XDG_RUNTIME_DIR=/tmp/run/$(id -u)
if [ ! -d $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR ]; then
    mkdir -m 700 -p $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR
fi

export QT_FORCE_STDERR_LOGGING=1
export XDG_CURRENT_DESKTOP=KDE
export DESKTOP_SESSION=plasma
/usr/local/bin/startplasma-x11 > ~/.startplasma-x11.log 2>&1

# Ctrl+X+S to save, Ctrl+X+C to close.

chmod u+x ~/.vnc/xstartup

vncserver -fg

# On the VNC client computer, run: vncviewer 192.168.122.180:1
# In the VNC client window, resize the window as needed.
# This will tell KDE Plasma desktop in OpenBSD to change screen resolution.
# Bi directional copy/paste of text works correctly between the VNC client and the VNC server.

# In KDE Plasma > start menu > search for konsole > right click on konsole > Add to Favorites
pkg_add kate
# In the KDE Plasma main panel, unpin from taskbar the icon for Plasma Discover
# (which is the KDE app store app).
# "The screen locker is broken and unlocking is not possible" ConsoleKit or LoginD is needed.
# In the KDE System Settings, disable screen locking for now. System Settings app > Security & Privacy >
# Screen Locking, from the combo box "Lock screen automatically:" select "Never".
## Other ## OpenIndiana >= 2024.04 Use e.g. OpenIndiana Hipster 2024.04 Live DVD (64-bit x86). In the installer, use whole disc, create a user named "admin". Connect via SSH. 
ssh admin@192.168.122.197
# Become the user root.
sudo su
pkg update
pkg install x11vnc xvfb

# Become the user admin.
exit

x11vnc
# Complains about missing password
x11vnc -storepasswd

echo "exec mate-session" > ~/.xinitrc

FD_GEOM=1920x1080 FD_SESS=mate x11vnc -rfbauth ~/.vnc/passwd -display :1 -xkb -create

# On vnc viewer machine.
vncviewer 192.168.122.197
# Terraforming KDE Plasma - nmariusp's preferences * Konsole. Hide toolbars: from the Konsole main menu > Settings > Toolbars Shown > uncheck all checkboxes. Settings > Tab Bar / Splitters > Behavior tab > enable the check box "Close tab on middle-click". Add new profile, make it the default profile, configure it to be able to press Ctrl+Click on file paths. * Krusader. Start Krusader for the first time. The first time wizard will start. Press the OK button a number of times. Make sure that enough packers/unpackers are installed. The Krusader settings (Konfigurator) starts > Panel tab > Layout tab > Layout > Compact. Panel tab > View tab > View modes groupbox > Detailed View > Default icon size 12, Brief View > Default icon size 12. Panel tab > General tab > Tab Bar position: Top. Press the Apply button. General tab > Viewer/Editor tab > Editor group box > Editor "/usr/bin/kate". Press the Apply button. Krusader starts. In the Krusader main menu > Settings > Toolbars > uncheck all check boxes. Krusader main menu > Settings > uncheck "Show Statusbar", uncheck "Show FN Keys Bar", check "Show Embedded Terminal". * KDE Plasma panel. Right click on the KDE Plasma panel > Enter Edit Mode, click with the mouse where it says "Drag to move" and drag to the left margin of the screen. Press the two red Close buttons to exit Edit Mode. Keep pinned to Task manager just Mozilla Firefox and Krusader. * System Settings. System Settings > search for "mouse" > Cursors > Size: 36. Press the Apply button. System Settings > search for "edge" > Screen Edges > right click on the button in the top left corner of the monitor > No Action. "Trigger quarter tiling in:" "Outer 15%" of the screen. Press the Apply button. * Firefox. Firefox > right click on the toolbar > Customize Toolbar... > drag from the toolbar to the pallete with available buttons all of the items that are not HTML content: two "Flexible Spaces", "Save to Pocket", "Firefox account". Check the check box "Title Bar". From the Toolbars combo box > Bookmarks Toolbar > Never Show. Press the Done button. Firefox Settings > search for "down" > check the check box "Always ask you where to save files". Search for "tabs" > New Windows and Tabs griup box > "Homepage and new windows" > "Blank Page", "New tabs" > "Blank Page". * Firefox private window. In Firefox, you should never be logged in to Google when doing Goolge searches. You should never be logged in to YouTube when doing YouTube searches. The only way to accomplish this is to use Firefox private window for 95% of your web browsing. Only use a Firefox non private window for gmail, Google Drive, Google Docs, outlook.office.com, i.e. when you write to websites (e.g. YouTube upload videos) or when the website forces you to use an online account (e.g. banking websites). * Kate. In Kate main menu > Settings > Configure Kate > search for "welc" > uncheck the check box "Show welcome view for new windows". Press the "OK" button. # Windows 11 When creating a Windows virtual machine (VM) in virt-manager, add a second DVD drive with the largest virtio-win ISO file from https://fedorapeople.org/groups/virt/virtio-win/direct-downloads/latest-virtio/ . Change VM settings: SSD of type virtio, NIC of type virtio. After the VM boots, the Windows installer starts, will not find the SSD, load disk driver from DVD drive. It will not find a network connection, Shift+F10, a cmd.exe starts, write: OOBE\BYPASSNRO. Press Enter.